![]() The main postulates of this theory are given below:ġ. To predict the shape of the covalent molecule, Gillespie and Nyholm developed a theory known as valence shell electron pair repulsion theory. Resonance in NO 2 – Valence shell electron pair repulsion (VSEPR) theory It is represented by a double-headed arrow (↔).Ģ. The real structure of the molecule or ion is a hybrid of these structures called a resonance hybrid. More than one such structure of the same molecule or Ion is called resonating structure. In the box below, complete the Lewis electron-dot diagram for the S2Cl2 molecule by drawing in all of the electron pairs.The phenomena in which a molecule or ion cannot be represented by a single structure but represented by more than one structure to explain its properties is called resonance. They give you a large box for you to draw your answer in, but try this on your own! AP Chemistry Exam 2017 - #1c In the box below, draw a Lewis electron-dot diagram (or diagrams) for the HCO3 − ion that is (are) consistent with the given information. The hydrogen atom is bonded to one of the oxygen atoms. Two of the carbon-to-oxygen bonds have the same length and the third carbon-to-oxygen bond is longer than the other two. The HCO3− ion has three carbon-to-oxygen bonds. These exams can be found on the College Board website. ![]() The following questions are pieces of free-response questions that were on previous AP Chemistry exams. Since there were 3 oxygen atoms with a -1 charge, the sum is -3, which is equal to the -3 charge of the polyatomic ion. Quick Tip: An easy way to check if you calculated formal charge correctly is if the sum of the formal charges = the charge of the ion. There should be 5+6+6+6+6+3 valence electrons, so 32 total.ĭraw Phosphorus in the center and 4 oxygen atoms surrounding it with single bonds and full octets: If anything, just check it if an element past element 14 is involved (because that is when you can break the octet rule). It is good to always check your calculation of formal charge since it is easy to miscount something. When do I check the formal charge of an atom? This tells you that sulfur has a formal charge of +1 when drawn in SCN- with that representation of electrons. ![]() Look at the image above at the SCN- ion to the left and the way they calculated formal charge:įor the sulfur atom, they took the number of valence electrons (6) and subtracted it by the total number of lone electrons (2) and single bonds with carbon (3 ). This might may not be the most technical but it's the easiest way to remember it! The easiest way to calculate the formal charge of an atom is to do (# of valence electrons - # of dots - # of dashes). The -1 charge indicates that there is one more electron, so there must be a total of 24 valence electrons represented in the LDS.ĭraw the central atom, which in this case, is nitrogen since there is only one nitrogen atom.ĭraw the 3 oxygen atoms surrounding nitrogen and three single bonds connecting them to nitrogen. But.NO3- is a polyatomic ion and there is a charge attached to the molecule as a whole. Since there are three oxygen atoms, we must account for each: 5+6+6+6 = 23. ![]() ![]() Recall some steps for this process that we discussed in the last study guide:Ĭount the number of valence electrons that the molecule has in total. Let's try drawing the lewis dot structure (LDS) of the polyatomic ion NO3. How do you know when a structure has resonance? This will make more sense as we take a look at several examples. However, resonance is all about representing a molecule in varying ways just to make it clear that the molecule is actually an average of those representations in space. A common misconception is that structures that have resonance are truly able to exist with different bond connections. ![]()
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![]() ![]() Yes, the University of Phoenix holds accreditation for many of its programs. to attract more students, but those campuses are being closed and the school is moving towards an online-only format. The school itself has been the center of controversies and lawsuits since 2000.Īt one point, UoPX opened satellite campuses across the U.S. It admits all applicants, but has been experiencing declining enrollment since 2010. UoPX is a private, for-profit school that is currently owned and managed by a private equity firm. The quality of the education in some of the degree programs has been found to be lacking by experts in relevant fields, and students may find their degree doesn’t deliver on the promise of getting a good job after graduation. The school offers degrees in areas of concentration that include: The level of defaults has dropped to 12.3% by 2019, but it was still one of the highest in the U.S. One of the indicators that UoPX has struggled over the years is demonstrated by the fact that the five-year student loan default rate was almost 50% in 2016. Since 2020, the university has seen new growth and improvements that have made it a force in online education once again. UoPX has had its troubles, but has also seen an upturn in the last half-decade. UoPX endured many scandals, rightly, for misleading advertising and shady business practices in the early 2000s. When looking at the student outcomes, graduation rate, university rankings, and reputation among employers, it’s hard to classify the University of Phoenix (UoPX). These include business, health sciences, information technology and education degrees among others. The university offers more than 100 undergraduate and graduate degree programs to its 500,000 students. The University of Phoenix is one of the largest online colleges in America. The University of Phoenix has been a pioneer in online learning since 1975. One of the largest online schools, they have a student body of over 500,000 students and offer degrees in business, health sciences, information technology, education and many other fields. The University of Phoenix is an online university that offers more than 100 undergraduate and graduate degree programs. The University of Phoenix is one of the most recognizable names in online higher education, but not always for the best reasons. 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